TRABAJO SOCIAL ANTE LA CRISIS CLIMÁTICA: ANÁLISIS TEÓRICO DEL IMPACTO DEL CALOR EXTREMO EN LAS PERSONAS MAYORES
[SOCIAL WORK FACING THE CLIMATE CRISIS: A THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF EXTREME HEAT ON OLDER ADULTS]
Autoría: De Gea-Grela, Pablo
Datos profesionales del autor/a: Departamento de Trabajo Social y Servicios Sociales, Facultad de Trabajo Social, Universidad Complutense de Madrid
Correspondencia: Correspondencia: Pablo De Gea-Grela. E-mail: padegea@ucm.es. Campus de Somosaguas, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid).
Resumen
El Trabajo Social tiene un papel crucial ante la crisis climática, al evidenciar cómo sus efectos profundizan desigualdades sociales. Este artículo reflexiona teóricamente sobre el calor extremo en la vejez como un fenómeno social y estructural, más allá de su consideración biomédica. Desde el enfoque ecosocial, se reconceptualizan las olas de calor en la intersección entre desigualdades acumuladas, cambio climático y envejecimiento, y se señalan paralelismos con otros fenómenos sociales reinterpretados en clave estructural. Se argumenta que la vulnerabilidad de las personas mayores no depende solo de factores fisiológicos, sino también de condiciones materiales, territoriales y comunitarias. Finalmente, el artículo identifica vacíos teóricos y ofrece claves del enfoque ecosocial para el trabajo social gerontológico, subrayando la necesidad de marcos interdisciplinarios que integren justicia social y climática.
Descarga del artículo:
Palabras Clave
Cambio climático; personas mayores; calor extremo; trabajo social ecosocial; gerontología ambiental.
Abstract
Social Work plays a crucial role in addressing the climate crisis by highlighting how its effects deepen existing social inequalities. This article offers a theoretical reflection on extreme heat in old age as a social and structural phenomenon, beyond its usual biomedical framing. From an ecosocial perspective, heatwaves are reconceptualized at the intersection of accumulated inequalities, climate change, and aging, with parallels drawn to other social phenomena that have been reinterpreted through a structural lens. It is argued that the vulnerability of older adults to extreme heat depends not only on physiological factors but also on material, territorial, and community conditions. Finally, the article identifies theoretical gaps and provides insights from the ecosocial approach for gerontological social work, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary frameworks that integrate social and climate justice.
Key Words
Climate change; older adults; extreme heat; ecosocial social work; environmental gerontology.
Referencia Normalizada (cómo citar este artículo)
De Gea-Grela, P. (2025). Trabajo Social Ante La Crisis Climática: Análisis teórico del Impacto del calor extremo en las personas mayores. Trabajo Social Hoy 104(1), págs. 1-17. Doi: 10.12960/TSH.2025.0018
Texto del Artículo
Referencias
Arsad, F., Hod, R., Ahmad, N., Ismail, R., Mohamed, N., Baharom, M., ... y Tangang, F. (2022). The impact of heatwaves on mortality and morbidity and the associated vulnerability factors: a systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(23), 16356. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192316356
Ayalon, L., y Pillemer, K. (2023). Climate change and aging: From vulnerability to action. Innovation in Aging, 7(Suppl. 1), 152. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.0497
Ballester, J., Quijal-Zamorano, M., Méndez Turrubiates, R. F., Pegenaute, F., Herrmann, F. R., Robine, J. M., Basagaña, X., Tonne, C., Antó, J. M., y Achebak, H. (2023). Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022. Nature medicine, 29(7), 1857-–1866. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02419-z
Belchior-Rocha, H. (2018). Social Work Practices and the Ecological Sustainability of Socially Vulnerable Communities. Sustainability, 10(5), 1312. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051312
Beltran, S. J., Luigi, P., Kusmaul, N., y Leon, M. (2022). Rising above the Flood: A Systematic Review of Gerontological Social Work in Disaster Preparedness and Response. Journal of gerontological social work, 65(5), 545-–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2021.1986764
Buffel, T., Phillipson, C., y Scharf, T. (2012). Ageing in urban environments: Developing "‘age-friendly"’ cities. Critical Social Policy, 32(4), 597-617. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018311430457
Castañeda-Meneses, P. L. (2024). Trabajo Social Ambiental en Chile. Avanzando hacia un Green Social Work. PROSPECTIVA. Revista dDe Trabajo Social eE Intervención Social, (38), e20413497. https://doi.org/10.25100/prts.v0i38.13497
Chen, J., y Delina, L. L. (2025). Understanding the impacts of extreme heat on the mental well-being of older adults: A systematic review. Environmental Research Communications, 7(1), 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ada735
Culqui, D. R., Díaz, J., Simón, F., y Linares, C. (2013). Análisis del impacto de las olas de calor sobre la mortalidad de la ciudad de Madrid durante el período 1990-2009 [Impact of the effects of heat waves on mortality in the city of Madrid, Spain during the period 1990-2009]. Revista Eespañnola de Ssalud Púpublica, 87(3), 277-–282. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1135-57272013000300007
Dabelko-Schoeny, H., Dabelko, G. D., Rao, S., Damico, M., Doherty, F. C., Traver, A. C., y Sheldon, M. (2024). Age-friendly and climate resilient communities: A grey–green alliance. The Gerontologist, 64(3), gnad137. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnad137
De Gea-Grela, P., Sánchez-González, D., y Gallardo-Peralta, L. P. (2024). Urban and Rural Environments and Their Implications for Older Adults’ Adaptation to Heat Waves: A Systematic Review. Land, 13(9), 1378. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091378
Djoudi, H., Locatelli, B., Vaast, C., Asher, K., Brockhaus, M., y Sijapati, B. B. (2016). Beyond dichotomies: Gender and intersecting inequalities in climate change studies. Ambio, 45(sSuppl. 3), 248-–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0825-2
Dominelli, L. (2024). Climate change from a green social work perspective: responding to a constantly evolving crisis challenging social work practice,. eEn Wilken, J., Parpan-Blaser, A., Prosser, S., Vvan der Pas, S., y Jansen, E. (eEd.), Social Work and Social Innovation: Emerging Trends and Challenges for Practice, Policy and Education in Europe (pp. 193-207). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.56687/9781447369356-018
Esfandi, S., Tayebi, S., Byrne, J., Taminiau, J., Giyahchi, G., y Alavi, S. A. (2024). Smart Cities and Urban Energy Planning: An Advanced Review of Promises and Challenges. Smart Cities, 7(1), 414-444. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7010016
Fernández-Roses, D., García-Aguña, S., y De Gea, P. (2024). La soledad como fenómeno social y estructural: Una reflexión crítica desde la interseccionalidad. Trabajo Social Hoy, 102, 7-–20. https://doi.org/10.12960/TSH.2024.0007
Haq, G. (2017). Growing old in a changing climate. Public Policy & Aging Report, 27(1), 8-–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppar/prw027
Haq, G., y Gutman, G. (2014). Climate gerontology. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 47, 462-–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-014-0677-y
Hamstead, Z. A. (2023). Thermal insecurity: Violence of heat and cold in the urban climate refuge. Urban Studies, 61(3), 531-548. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231184466
Hasan, F., Marsia, S., Patel, K., Agrawal, P., y Razzak, J. A. (2021). Effective Community-Based Interventions for the Prevention and Management of Heat-Related Illnesses: A Scoping Review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(16), 8362. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168362
Heaviside, C., Macintyre, H., y Vardoulakis, S. (2017). The urban heat island: Implications for health in a changing environment. Current Environmental Health Reports, 4(3), 296-–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-017-0150-3
Holbrook, A. M., Akbar, G., y Eastwood, J. (2019). Meeting the challenge of human-induced climate change: reshaping social work education. Social Work Education, 38(8), 955-–967. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2019.1597040
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC]. (2021). Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC].— (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
Journeay, J. M., Yip, J. Z. K., Wagner, C. L., LeSueur, P., y Hobbs, T. E. (2022). Social vulnerability to natural hazards in Canada. Natural Resources Canada. https://doi.org/10.4095/330295
Khanal, D., y Dangal, M. R. (2022). Environmental Social Work: Mitigating the Impact of Environmental Crises on Older People Living in Disaster Prone Areas in Nepal. Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 8(1), 1-–16. https://doi.org/10.3126/bodhi.v8i1.46452
Komp-Leukkunen, K., y Formosa, M. (2024). "Chapter 6: Shifts in social policies for old age: towards a life course approach of active ageing?". In A Research Agenda for Ageing and Social Policy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802208139.00015
Li, J., Sun, R., Li, J., Ma, Y., Zhang, M., y Chen, L. (2024). Human extreme heat protective behaviours: The effects of physical risks, psychological perception, and public measures. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, 327. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02790-3
Liss, A., Wu, R., Chui, K. K. H., y Naumova, E. N. (2017). Heat-related hospitalizations in older adults: An amplified effect of the first seasonal heatwave. Scientific Reports, 7, 39581. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39581
Lopez-Bueno, J. A., Navas-Martín, M. A., Linares, C., Mirón, I. J., Luna, M. Y., Sánchez-Martínez, G., Culqui, D., y Díaz, J. (2021). Analysis of the impact of heat waves on daily mortality in urban and rural areas in Madrid. Environmental Research, 195, 110892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110892
McDermott-Levy, R., Kolanowski, A. M., Fick, D. M., y Mann, M. E. (2019). Addressing the Health Risks of Climate Change in Older Adults. Journal of gerontological nursing, 45(11), 21-–29. https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20191011-04
Meade, R. D., Akerman, A. P., Notley, S. R., McGinn, R., Poirier, P., Gosselin, P., y Kenny, G. P. (2020). Physiological factors characterizing heat-vulnerable older adults: A narrative review. Environment International, 144, 105909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105909
Molinsky, J., y Forsyth, A. (2022). Climate Change, Aging, and Well-being: How Residential Setting Matters. Housing Policy Debate, 33(5), 1029-–1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2022.2109711
Mónico, C., Salehin, M., Tadese, H., y Cook, K. (2025). Climate Change, Human Displacement, and Social Work Practice. Encyclopedia of Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.1687
Montero, J. C., Miróon, I. J., Criado, J. J., Linares, C., y Díaz, J. (2013). Difficulties of defining the term, "heat wave", in public health. International journal of environmental health research, 23(5), 377-–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2012.733941
Nagoshi, J. L., Pillai, V. K., y Salehin, M. A. (2025). Evolving Roles for International Social Work in Addressing Climate Change. Social Sciences, 14(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14010035
Närhi, K., y Matthies, A.-L. (2016). The ecosocial approach in social work as a framework for structural social work. International Social Work, 61(4), 490-502. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872816644663
Navarrete-Valladares, C. P., y Sandoval, J. (2024). Vulnerability and Adaptive Skills of older People in the Face of Climate Change: a Systematic Review. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 58(2), e1840. https://doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v58i2.1840
Núñez-Peiró, M., Sánchez-Guevara Sánchez, C., Sanz-Fernández, A., Gayoso-Heredia, M., López-Bueno, J. A., Neila González, F. J., Linares, C., Díaz, J., y Gómez-Muñoz, G. (2021). Exposure and vulnerability toward summer energy poverty in the city of Madrid: A gender perspective,. eEn A. Bisello, D. Vettorato, H. Haarstad, y J. Borsboom-van Beurden (eEds.), Smart and sustainable planning for cities and regions. SSPCR 2019. Green energy and technology (pp. 481-–495). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57332-4_34
Osadolor, O. O., Osadolor, A. J., Osadolor, O. O., Enabulele, E., Akaji, E. A., y Odiowaya, D. E. (2022). Access to health services and health inequalities in remote and rural areas. Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science, 10(2), 70-–74. https://doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v10i2.47868
Otorkpa, O. J., Emmanuel, S., Obuye, F., y Otorkpa, C. O. (2024). Impact of Climate Change on Global Health: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 14(5), 342-–351. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i54194
Palinkas, L. A., Hurlburt, M. S., FernandezFernández, C., De LeonLeón, J., Yu, K., Salinas, E., GarciaGarcía, E., Johnston, J., Rahman, M. M., Silva, S. J., y McConnell, R. S. (2022). Vulnerable, Resilient, or Both? A Qualitative Study of Adaptation Resources and Behaviors to Heat Waves and Health Outcomes of Low-Income Residents of Urban Heat Islands. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 11090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711090
Perkins, S. E., Alexander, L. V., y Nairn, J. R. (2012). Increasing frequency, intensity and duration of observed global heatwaves and warm spells. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(20), L20714. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053361
Perry, T. E., Andersen, T. C., y Kaplan, D. B. (2014). Relocation remembered: Perspectives on senior transitions in the living environment. The Gerontologist, 54(1), 75-–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt070
Powers, M., Schmitz, C., y Beckwith Moritz, M. (2019). Preparing social workers for ecosocial work practice and community building. Journal of Community Practice, 27(3-–4), 446-–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2019.1657217
Rambaree, K., Powers, M. C. F., y Smith, R. J. (2019). Ecosocial work and social change in community practice. Journal of Community Practice, 27(3-–4), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2019.1660516
Sampaio, R. J. S., y Prolo, C. D. (2024). "Chapter 14: Energy justice to address energy poverty",. eEn The Elgar Companion to Energy and Sustainability. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035307494.00023
Rodríguez-Rodríguez, V., & y Sánchez-González, D. (2016). Approaches to environmental gerontology in Mediterranean Europe and Latin America: Policy and practice on ageing and place,. eEn D. Sánchez-González & y V. Rodríguez-Rodríguez (eEds.), Environmental gerontology in Latin America and Europe: Policies and perspectives on environment and aging (pp. 11-–44). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21419-1_2
Sánchez-González, D., y Chávez-Alvarado,Chávez, R. (2019). Vulnerabilidad social y adaptación de las personas mayores ante el cambio climático / Social vulnerability and adaptation of older people to climate change., eEn J. A. Nieto-Calmaestra y C. Egea-Jiménez (cCoords.), Colectivos en desventaja social y habitacional: La geografía de las desigualdades (pp. 159-169). Universidad de Granada. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6869470
Sánchez-González, D., y Chávez-Alvarado, R.— (2016). Adjustments to physical-social environment of the elderly to climate change: Proposals from environmental gerontology,. eEn D. Sánchez-González y V. Rodríguez-Rodríguez (eEds.), Environmental gerontology in Europe and Latin America (pp. 105-–126). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21419-1_6
Sánchez-González, D., y Osorio-Arjona, J. (2025). Pedestrian mobility behaviors of older people in the face of heat waves in Madrid City. Urban Science, 9(7), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9070236
Sánchez-Moreno, E., Gallardo-Peralta, L. P., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, V., Dde Gea- Grela, P., y García Aguña, S. (2025). Unravelling the complexity of the relationship between social support sources and loneliness: A mixed-methods study with older adults. PLOS ONE, 20(1), e0316751. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316751
Schoetter, R., Cattiaux, J., y Douville, H. (2015). Changes of western European heat wave characteristics projected by the CMIP5 ensemble. Climate Dynamics, 45(5-–6), 1601–1616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2434-8
Seritan, A.L. (2023). The impact of climate change on older adults’ mental health: A primer for clinicians. OBM Geriatrics, 7(4), 254. https://doi.org/10.21926/obm.geriatr.2304254
Smith-Carrier, T., y MacArthur, J. (2024). The state of eco-social work training in Canada: Transformative praxis for climate constrained futures. International Social Work, 67(4), 905-921. https://doi.org/10.1177/00208728231196366
Smith, K. (2022). Climate change and macro social work. In Encyclopedia of social work. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.1417
Stein, J. Y., y Tuval-Mashiach, R. (2015). The Social Construction of Loneliness: An Integrative Conceptualization. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 28(3), 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2014.911129
Strough, J., Parker, A. M., Ayer, L., Parks, V., y Finucane, M. L. (2024). Aging and Emotional Well-Being After Disasters: Vulnerability and Resilience. The Gerontologist, 64(3), gnad099. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnad099
Tierney, K. (2022). Social vulnerability and resilience to environmental hazards,. eEn T. K. McGee y E. C. Penning-Rowsell (eEds.), Routledge handbook of environmental hazards and society (pp. 166-–180). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367854584
Timonen, V., y Lolich, L. (2020). Dependency as Status: Older Adults’ Presentations of Self as Recipients of Care. SAGE Open, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020963590
Wang, P., y Altanbulag, A. (2022). A concern for eco-social sustainability: Background, concept, values, and perspectives of eco-social work. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2093035
Wijesuriya, S., Kishore, R. A., Bianchi, M. V. A., y Booten, C. (2024). Enhancing thermal resilience of US residential homes in hot humid climates during extreme temperature events. Cell Reports Physical Science, 5(6), 101986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101986
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2002). Active ageing: A policy framework. World Health Organization. https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/WHO-Active-Ageing-Framework.pdf
Yusta-Tirado, R., Fernández-Roses, D., De Gea- Grela, P., García-Aguña, S., y Gallardo-Peralta, L. (2024). Transformaciones del concepto de vejez a través de la historia: Un análisis desde la prehistoria hasta el envejecimiento activo. Persona yY Sociedad, 38(2), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.53689/pys.v38i2.451
Zagheni, E., Muttarak, R., y Striessnig, E. (2015). Differential mortality patterns from hydro-meteorological disasters: Evidence from cause-of-death data by age and sex. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 13, 47-–70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24770025
Zhang, C., y Chen, G. (2024). Rediscovering climate gerontology: an era for older adults to contribute more to climate change. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2024.2381875
Ayalon, L., y Pillemer, K. (2023). Climate change and aging: From vulnerability to action. Innovation in Aging, 7(Suppl. 1), 152. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.0497
Ballester, J., Quijal-Zamorano, M., Méndez Turrubiates, R. F., Pegenaute, F., Herrmann, F. R., Robine, J. M., Basagaña, X., Tonne, C., Antó, J. M., y Achebak, H. (2023). Heat-related mortality in Europe during the summer of 2022. Nature medicine, 29(7), 1857-–1866. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-023-02419-z
Belchior-Rocha, H. (2018). Social Work Practices and the Ecological Sustainability of Socially Vulnerable Communities. Sustainability, 10(5), 1312. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10051312
Beltran, S. J., Luigi, P., Kusmaul, N., y Leon, M. (2022). Rising above the Flood: A Systematic Review of Gerontological Social Work in Disaster Preparedness and Response. Journal of gerontological social work, 65(5), 545-–561. https://doi.org/10.1080/01634372.2021.1986764
Buffel, T., Phillipson, C., y Scharf, T. (2012). Ageing in urban environments: Developing "‘age-friendly"’ cities. Critical Social Policy, 32(4), 597-617. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261018311430457
Castañeda-Meneses, P. L. (2024). Trabajo Social Ambiental en Chile. Avanzando hacia un Green Social Work. PROSPECTIVA. Revista dDe Trabajo Social eE Intervención Social, (38), e20413497. https://doi.org/10.25100/prts.v0i38.13497
Chen, J., y Delina, L. L. (2025). Understanding the impacts of extreme heat on the mental well-being of older adults: A systematic review. Environmental Research Communications, 7(1), 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ada735
Culqui, D. R., Díaz, J., Simón, F., y Linares, C. (2013). Análisis del impacto de las olas de calor sobre la mortalidad de la ciudad de Madrid durante el período 1990-2009 [Impact of the effects of heat waves on mortality in the city of Madrid, Spain during the period 1990-2009]. Revista Eespañnola de Ssalud Púpublica, 87(3), 277-–282. https://doi.org/10.4321/S1135-57272013000300007
Dabelko-Schoeny, H., Dabelko, G. D., Rao, S., Damico, M., Doherty, F. C., Traver, A. C., y Sheldon, M. (2024). Age-friendly and climate resilient communities: A grey–green alliance. The Gerontologist, 64(3), gnad137. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnad137
De Gea-Grela, P., Sánchez-González, D., y Gallardo-Peralta, L. P. (2024). Urban and Rural Environments and Their Implications for Older Adults’ Adaptation to Heat Waves: A Systematic Review. Land, 13(9), 1378. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091378
Djoudi, H., Locatelli, B., Vaast, C., Asher, K., Brockhaus, M., y Sijapati, B. B. (2016). Beyond dichotomies: Gender and intersecting inequalities in climate change studies. Ambio, 45(sSuppl. 3), 248-–262. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0825-2
Dominelli, L. (2024). Climate change from a green social work perspective: responding to a constantly evolving crisis challenging social work practice,. eEn Wilken, J., Parpan-Blaser, A., Prosser, S., Vvan der Pas, S., y Jansen, E. (eEd.), Social Work and Social Innovation: Emerging Trends and Challenges for Practice, Policy and Education in Europe (pp. 193-207). Policy Press. https://doi.org/10.56687/9781447369356-018
Esfandi, S., Tayebi, S., Byrne, J., Taminiau, J., Giyahchi, G., y Alavi, S. A. (2024). Smart Cities and Urban Energy Planning: An Advanced Review of Promises and Challenges. Smart Cities, 7(1), 414-444. https://doi.org/10.3390/smartcities7010016
Fernández-Roses, D., García-Aguña, S., y De Gea, P. (2024). La soledad como fenómeno social y estructural: Una reflexión crítica desde la interseccionalidad. Trabajo Social Hoy, 102, 7-–20. https://doi.org/10.12960/TSH.2024.0007
Haq, G. (2017). Growing old in a changing climate. Public Policy & Aging Report, 27(1), 8-–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/ppar/prw027
Haq, G., y Gutman, G. (2014). Climate gerontology. Zeitschrift für Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 47, 462-–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-014-0677-y
Hamstead, Z. A. (2023). Thermal insecurity: Violence of heat and cold in the urban climate refuge. Urban Studies, 61(3), 531-548. https://doi.org/10.1177/00420980231184466
Hasan, F., Marsia, S., Patel, K., Agrawal, P., y Razzak, J. A. (2021). Effective Community-Based Interventions for the Prevention and Management of Heat-Related Illnesses: A Scoping Review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(16), 8362. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168362
Heaviside, C., Macintyre, H., y Vardoulakis, S. (2017). The urban heat island: Implications for health in a changing environment. Current Environmental Health Reports, 4(3), 296-–305. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40572-017-0150-3
Holbrook, A. M., Akbar, G., y Eastwood, J. (2019). Meeting the challenge of human-induced climate change: reshaping social work education. Social Work Education, 38(8), 955-–967. https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2019.1597040
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC]. (2021). Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Working Group I contribution to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [IPCC].— (2022). Climate change 2022: Impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press.
Journeay, J. M., Yip, J. Z. K., Wagner, C. L., LeSueur, P., y Hobbs, T. E. (2022). Social vulnerability to natural hazards in Canada. Natural Resources Canada. https://doi.org/10.4095/330295
Khanal, D., y Dangal, M. R. (2022). Environmental Social Work: Mitigating the Impact of Environmental Crises on Older People Living in Disaster Prone Areas in Nepal. Bodhi: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 8(1), 1-–16. https://doi.org/10.3126/bodhi.v8i1.46452
Komp-Leukkunen, K., y Formosa, M. (2024). "Chapter 6: Shifts in social policies for old age: towards a life course approach of active ageing?". In A Research Agenda for Ageing and Social Policy. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781802208139.00015
Li, J., Sun, R., Li, J., Ma, Y., Zhang, M., y Chen, L. (2024). Human extreme heat protective behaviours: The effects of physical risks, psychological perception, and public measures. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, 327. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02790-3
Liss, A., Wu, R., Chui, K. K. H., y Naumova, E. N. (2017). Heat-related hospitalizations in older adults: An amplified effect of the first seasonal heatwave. Scientific Reports, 7, 39581. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39581
Lopez-Bueno, J. A., Navas-Martín, M. A., Linares, C., Mirón, I. J., Luna, M. Y., Sánchez-Martínez, G., Culqui, D., y Díaz, J. (2021). Analysis of the impact of heat waves on daily mortality in urban and rural areas in Madrid. Environmental Research, 195, 110892. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.110892
McDermott-Levy, R., Kolanowski, A. M., Fick, D. M., y Mann, M. E. (2019). Addressing the Health Risks of Climate Change in Older Adults. Journal of gerontological nursing, 45(11), 21-–29. https://doi.org/10.3928/00989134-20191011-04
Meade, R. D., Akerman, A. P., Notley, S. R., McGinn, R., Poirier, P., Gosselin, P., y Kenny, G. P. (2020). Physiological factors characterizing heat-vulnerable older adults: A narrative review. Environment International, 144, 105909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105909
Molinsky, J., y Forsyth, A. (2022). Climate Change, Aging, and Well-being: How Residential Setting Matters. Housing Policy Debate, 33(5), 1029-–1054. https://doi.org/10.1080/10511482.2022.2109711
Mónico, C., Salehin, M., Tadese, H., y Cook, K. (2025). Climate Change, Human Displacement, and Social Work Practice. Encyclopedia of Social Work. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.1687
Montero, J. C., Miróon, I. J., Criado, J. J., Linares, C., y Díaz, J. (2013). Difficulties of defining the term, "heat wave", in public health. International journal of environmental health research, 23(5), 377-–379. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2012.733941
Nagoshi, J. L., Pillai, V. K., y Salehin, M. A. (2025). Evolving Roles for International Social Work in Addressing Climate Change. Social Sciences, 14(1), 35. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci14010035
Närhi, K., y Matthies, A.-L. (2016). The ecosocial approach in social work as a framework for structural social work. International Social Work, 61(4), 490-502. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020872816644663
Navarrete-Valladares, C. P., y Sandoval, J. (2024). Vulnerability and Adaptive Skills of older People in the Face of Climate Change: a Systematic Review. Interamerican Journal of Psychology, 58(2), e1840. https://doi.org/10.30849/ripijp.v58i2.1840
Núñez-Peiró, M., Sánchez-Guevara Sánchez, C., Sanz-Fernández, A., Gayoso-Heredia, M., López-Bueno, J. A., Neila González, F. J., Linares, C., Díaz, J., y Gómez-Muñoz, G. (2021). Exposure and vulnerability toward summer energy poverty in the city of Madrid: A gender perspective,. eEn A. Bisello, D. Vettorato, H. Haarstad, y J. Borsboom-van Beurden (eEds.), Smart and sustainable planning for cities and regions. SSPCR 2019. Green energy and technology (pp. 481-–495). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57332-4_34
Osadolor, O. O., Osadolor, A. J., Osadolor, O. O., Enabulele, E., Akaji, E. A., y Odiowaya, D. E. (2022). Access to health services and health inequalities in remote and rural areas. Janaki Medical College Journal of Medical Science, 10(2), 70-–74. https://doi.org/10.3126/jmcjms.v10i2.47868
Otorkpa, O. J., Emmanuel, S., Obuye, F., y Otorkpa, C. O. (2024). Impact of Climate Change on Global Health: A Comprehensive Review. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 14(5), 342-–351. https://doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i54194
Palinkas, L. A., Hurlburt, M. S., FernandezFernández, C., De LeonLeón, J., Yu, K., Salinas, E., GarciaGarcía, E., Johnston, J., Rahman, M. M., Silva, S. J., y McConnell, R. S. (2022). Vulnerable, Resilient, or Both? A Qualitative Study of Adaptation Resources and Behaviors to Heat Waves and Health Outcomes of Low-Income Residents of Urban Heat Islands. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(17), 11090. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191711090
Perkins, S. E., Alexander, L. V., y Nairn, J. R. (2012). Increasing frequency, intensity and duration of observed global heatwaves and warm spells. Geophysical Research Letters, 39(20), L20714. https://doi.org/10.1029/2012GL053361
Perry, T. E., Andersen, T. C., y Kaplan, D. B. (2014). Relocation remembered: Perspectives on senior transitions in the living environment. The Gerontologist, 54(1), 75-–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnt070
Powers, M., Schmitz, C., y Beckwith Moritz, M. (2019). Preparing social workers for ecosocial work practice and community building. Journal of Community Practice, 27(3-–4), 446-–459. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2019.1657217
Rambaree, K., Powers, M. C. F., y Smith, R. J. (2019). Ecosocial work and social change in community practice. Journal of Community Practice, 27(3-–4), 205–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2019.1660516
Sampaio, R. J. S., y Prolo, C. D. (2024). "Chapter 14: Energy justice to address energy poverty",. eEn The Elgar Companion to Energy and Sustainability. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781035307494.00023
Rodríguez-Rodríguez, V., & y Sánchez-González, D. (2016). Approaches to environmental gerontology in Mediterranean Europe and Latin America: Policy and practice on ageing and place,. eEn D. Sánchez-González & y V. Rodríguez-Rodríguez (eEds.), Environmental gerontology in Latin America and Europe: Policies and perspectives on environment and aging (pp. 11-–44). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21419-1_2
Sánchez-González, D., y Chávez-Alvarado,Chávez, R. (2019). Vulnerabilidad social y adaptación de las personas mayores ante el cambio climático / Social vulnerability and adaptation of older people to climate change., eEn J. A. Nieto-Calmaestra y C. Egea-Jiménez (cCoords.), Colectivos en desventaja social y habitacional: La geografía de las desigualdades (pp. 159-169). Universidad de Granada. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=6869470
Sánchez-González, D., y Chávez-Alvarado, R.— (2016). Adjustments to physical-social environment of the elderly to climate change: Proposals from environmental gerontology,. eEn D. Sánchez-González y V. Rodríguez-Rodríguez (eEds.), Environmental gerontology in Europe and Latin America (pp. 105-–126). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21419-1_6
Sánchez-González, D., y Osorio-Arjona, J. (2025). Pedestrian mobility behaviors of older people in the face of heat waves in Madrid City. Urban Science, 9(7), 236. https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci9070236
Sánchez-Moreno, E., Gallardo-Peralta, L. P., Rodríguez-Rodríguez, V., Dde Gea- Grela, P., y García Aguña, S. (2025). Unravelling the complexity of the relationship between social support sources and loneliness: A mixed-methods study with older adults. PLOS ONE, 20(1), e0316751. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0316751
Schoetter, R., Cattiaux, J., y Douville, H. (2015). Changes of western European heat wave characteristics projected by the CMIP5 ensemble. Climate Dynamics, 45(5-–6), 1601–1616. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-014-2434-8
Seritan, A.L. (2023). The impact of climate change on older adults’ mental health: A primer for clinicians. OBM Geriatrics, 7(4), 254. https://doi.org/10.21926/obm.geriatr.2304254
Smith-Carrier, T., y MacArthur, J. (2024). The state of eco-social work training in Canada: Transformative praxis for climate constrained futures. International Social Work, 67(4), 905-921. https://doi.org/10.1177/00208728231196366
Smith, K. (2022). Climate change and macro social work. In Encyclopedia of social work. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.1417
Stein, J. Y., y Tuval-Mashiach, R. (2015). The Social Construction of Loneliness: An Integrative Conceptualization. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 28(3), 210–227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720537.2014.911129
Strough, J., Parker, A. M., Ayer, L., Parks, V., y Finucane, M. L. (2024). Aging and Emotional Well-Being After Disasters: Vulnerability and Resilience. The Gerontologist, 64(3), gnad099. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnad099
Tierney, K. (2022). Social vulnerability and resilience to environmental hazards,. eEn T. K. McGee y E. C. Penning-Rowsell (eEds.), Routledge handbook of environmental hazards and society (pp. 166-–180). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367854584
Timonen, V., y Lolich, L. (2020). Dependency as Status: Older Adults’ Presentations of Self as Recipients of Care. SAGE Open, 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020963590
Wang, P., y Altanbulag, A. (2022). A concern for eco-social sustainability: Background, concept, values, and perspectives of eco-social work. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2093035
Wijesuriya, S., Kishore, R. A., Bianchi, M. V. A., y Booten, C. (2024). Enhancing thermal resilience of US residential homes in hot humid climates during extreme temperature events. Cell Reports Physical Science, 5(6), 101986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xcrp.2024.101986
World Health Organization [WHO]. (2002). Active ageing: A policy framework. World Health Organization. https://extranet.who.int/agefriendlyworld/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/WHO-Active-Ageing-Framework.pdf
Yusta-Tirado, R., Fernández-Roses, D., De Gea- Grela, P., García-Aguña, S., y Gallardo-Peralta, L. (2024). Transformaciones del concepto de vejez a través de la historia: Un análisis desde la prehistoria hasta el envejecimiento activo. Persona yY Sociedad, 38(2), 31-45. https://doi.org/10.53689/pys.v38i2.451
Zagheni, E., Muttarak, R., y Striessnig, E. (2015). Differential mortality patterns from hydro-meteorological disasters: Evidence from cause-of-death data by age and sex. Vienna Yearbook of Population Research, 13, 47-–70. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24770025
Zhang, C., y Chen, G. (2024). Rediscovering climate gerontology: an era for older adults to contribute more to climate change. Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/15487733.2024.2381875
